Media Communications Feedback Essay

All things considered, after a cautious audit of your arrangement, I noticed the accompanying issues. You have to address them before actualizing the arrangement. The objective populace of your message is dominatingly African-American ladies matured 20-49. The insights you are utilizing do exclude different gatherings who could be a contributing variable to the significant levels of contaminations and passings. For example, what are the figures for tainted guys in the network? For you to accomplish better outcomes, you ought to consider remembering men for your battle. Simultaneously, you didn't recognize the significant reasons for contamination. Why, for example, are different gatherings not influenced? On the off chance that the causes are identified with financial and social factors, for example, neediness and joblessness, at that point your objective is pressure specialist co-ops, for example, as Non-Governmental associations and the administration to address those issues. The age distinction of your objective gathering implies that individuals could have various interests. Hence, you ought to have indicated various projects that interests to each age gathering. The T. V and radio broadcasts you picked advances for the most part to the young; shouldn't something be said about those matured more than forty? Thus, the moderators you have as a main priority are not suitable for this specific battle. You need good examples who could be a genuine guide to the crowd. In such manner, it is helpful to include network individuals who realize how to relate with your objective gathering (Galea et al, 2002, 297). Consequently, search for someone who has been included before in network ventures, and not music superstars: this class of individuals may have negative impacts because of their ways of life. Your trademark won't accomplish the ideal conduct changes. Messaging and discussing HIV/Aids helps in systems administration: in any case, you need a methodology that will change their ways of life, for example, through support in instruction courses. Your test, along these lines, is to â€Å"market changes in conduct by utilizing key communication† (Siegel and Doner, 2004, 42). By what method will you decide whether you are accomplishing your objectives? The Academy for Educational Development recognizes assessment as one part of deciding if expressed objectives are being acknowledged (AED, 2010). In this manner, you ought to recognize the instruments you will use to evaluate whether your objective gathering is reacting emphatically to the program. Think about leading an overview following three months to gather information regarding their sexual exercises. Finally, I figure you should lead an essential research yourself before making a move. The information you got from the observation report should go about as optional data to control your own exploration. Actually, an essential research is important when wanting to actualize any undertaking. All things considered, your general arrangement distinguishes an underestimated bunch that needs support. In any case, to accomplish the best outcomes, have the best arrangement. Victory. References Academy for Educational Development. (2007). Wellbeing Communication Partnership. Gotten to May, 08, 2010 < http://www. globalhealthcommunication. organization/ventures/health_communication_partnership Doner M. , Siegel L. (2004). Showcasing general wellbeing: systems to advance social change. New York: Jones and Bartlett Learning’ Galea, S. , et al. (2002). Access to assets for substance clients in Harlem, New York City: Service supplier and customer points of view. Diary for Health Education and Behavior. New York: Society for Public Health Education

The Fool in William Shakespeares As You Like It Essay -- William Shak

The Fool in William Shakespeare's As You Like It The imbecile is one of the primary character models that any understudy of writing figures out how to dissect. In spite of his apparently light or even futile jabber, the idiot normally figures out how to express some genuinely significant things. Upon further investigation, the understudy may see that it is a direct result of his inclination for unreasonableness that the dolt is offered leave to communicate even hostile facts about different characters. What occurs, however, when one imbecile experiences another? Numb-skulls are not used to being dependent upon one another’s mind; this experience of being held up to a kind of mirror is commonly saved for the characters who must experience some change to advance the plot. Touchstone and Jaques figure out how to defy that norm, and just by existing together appear to contend. Both satisfy some piece of our desire for the simpleton, yet neither figures out how to fill the job completely. Which one comes nearer is an issue deserv ing of some discussion. In her book The Fool: His Social and Literary History, Enid Welsford commits a part to â€Å"The Court-Fool in Elizabethan Drama† and quickly talks about As You Like It explicitly. She at one point portrays tricks as being â€Å"†¦partly inside and mostly outside the activity of the drama.† (244). This thought is appropriate to Touchstone and Jaques, yet in a somewhat unexpected route in comparison to she planned it. She was depicting characters put by condition in that liminal state- - characters with no longing to move to either side of their center ground. Likewise, she portrays the contrasts among Touchstone and Jaques, both in appearance and demeanor. Above all, she specifies that Touchstone â€Å"†¦exposes gesture; yet he is competent of†¦criticism, and his decisions are r... ... infringing on his domain. Jaques is a kind of numb-skull in a kind of court, however Touchstone’s nearness gets a gleam of the remainder of the worldâ€a genuine numb-skull from a genuine courtâ€that breaks Jaques before he ever gets an opportunity to toss a solitary stone at Touchstone. Jaques’ endeavors to discover a spot for himself, at that point, just read as an abnormal, lost man making faces in a glass. Its absolutely impossible that Jaques can outperform Touchstone’s inalienable liminalityâ€where Touchstone slips consistently starting with one world then onto the next, all through the activity, Jaques just jumps jerkily to and fro like somebody strolling on hot coals. He never arrives in any one spot sufficiently long to truly set up himself. It is therefore that Touchstone fills each feature of the fool’s job more capably than Jaques, up as far as possible when Jaques takes the customary fool’s consummation and remains solitary.

Coping With Fatigue Caused by an Antidepressant

Coping With Fatigue Caused by an Antidepressant Depression Treatment Medication Print When Your Antidepressant Makes You Tired By Nancy Schimelpfening Nancy Schimelpfening, MS is the administrator for the non-profit depression support group Depression Sanctuary. Nancy has a lifetime of experience with depression, experiencing firsthand how devastating this illness can be. Learn about our editorial policy Nancy Schimelpfening Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on December 10, 2015 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on February 04, 2020 More in Depression Treatment Medication Causes Symptoms Diagnosis Types Childhood Depression Suicide Side-effects from antidepressants are hard to avoid. Fatigue is one of them. This mostly is true of tricyclic antidepressants  like Elavil (amitriptyline) and Tofranil (imipramine), which doctors dont often prescribe any more. But even the newer classes of antidepressantsâ€"selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) such as Prozac (fluoxetine), and serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) such as Cymbalta (duloxetine)â€"can lay you low. Given that depression itself can make you feel exhausted, it can be frustrating to find that the medication youre taking to treat it isnt helping. If youre dealing with this particular problem, here are some ways you may be able to get the benefits of your medication without constantly feeling like you need a nap. Why Antidepressants Cause Fatigue Certain antidepressants work by acting on brain chemicals called neurotransmittersâ€"in particular norepinephrine and serotoninâ€"causing them to linger in the spaces between nerve cells where they carry out their job of regulating mood. At the same time, though, these medications affect other neurotransmitters, including histamine and acetylcholine, sometimes leading to unpleasant side effects such as  dry mouth,  blurry vision, weight gain, and sedation. Its this last side effect that may be responsible for the fatigue you experience when you take an antidepressant. What to Avoid When You Have Fatigue If youre truly fighting to keep your eyes open, there are some important things to avoid doing. Do not get behind the wheel of your car. Let someone else do the driving, call a car service or cab, or use public transportation until youve found a workaround for your fatigue. Steer clear of alcohol and any medications that also tend to be sedating. The combo of either with your antidepressant could make your fatigue worse. Ways to Perk up If Your Meds Are Making Your Tired You may be tempted to give in to exhaustion and set up camp on your couch, but there are other things you can do if your antidepressant is wiping you out. Here are some possibilities. Make time to nap during the day. This doesnt mean you have to climb under the covers and snooze the afternoon away. According to the National Sleep Foundation, just 20 minutes of low-intensity activity sleep is enough to leave most people feeling refreshed and energized. In fact, more shut-eye than that can make you even groggier.Get some exercise. It sounds counterintuitiveâ€"how could moving possibly be helpful when the last thing you feel like doing is moving? A 2008 study at the University of Georgia found that regular low-intensity could reduce fatigue by as much as 65 percent, for example.?? This was especially true of people in the study who did low-intensity exercise as opposed to moderate-intensity activity. That means that a leisurely walk could do more to perk you up than, say, a challenging stint on an exercise bike.Pop your pill at bedtime. Unless theres some reason your doctor would prefer you down your depression medication in the morning or during the day, taking it a t night may help you fall asleep more easily so you get the rest you need to feel more alert during waking hours.  Wait it out. For most people, the side effects of antidepressants wear off as their bodies become adjusted to the medication. When to See Your Doctor If after several weeks youre still feeling zonked, you and your doctor may need to go back to the drawing board and try a different drug or supplement your medication with a second drug thats stimulating, such as Provigil (modafinil). Can Antidepressants Make You Feel Worse?

Ethical Ethics And Ethical Guidelines - 2103 Words

Ethical Guidelines in different professions serve a variety of purposes to keep research participants safe and ethical. I believe that these guidelines or codes assist researchers with their studies so that the study being performed is accurate. Ethical codes or guidelines assist with providing a practical guide to members of their profession who might be experiencing a moral or ethical dilemma concerning their professional conduct in a particular circumstance (Poythress (2011). I think that if a person in a professional field finds themselves in a moral or ethical situation then the ethical guidelines can be very helpful in providing counsel. The purpose of this paper is to study the ethical consequences and show other ways to comply with accurate ethical values. Informed consents, protecting participants from harm and abiding by ethical guidelines helps research studies to be more accurate and precise. I have had the opportunity to read a variety of articles about ethical guidelines for research studies and I found The Tuskegee Syphilis Study to be the most interesting. The Tuskegee Syphilis Study took place in Tuskegee, Alabama were African-American men were chosen to participate in a study which was supposed to help discover the effects of untreated syphilis (Smolin 2012). The purpose of this study was to find African-American males who were in the second stage of syphilis, and then occasionally complete examinations on the men to help determine the effects that theShow MoreRelatedCode Of Ethics And Ethical Guidelines1547 Words   |  7 PagesCode of Ethics and Ethical Guidelines There are many ethical codes and guidelines a supervisor should follow. One of the most important ethical codes refers to competency. 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Ethical research studies abide by the guidelines set up by the American Psychological Association (APA). They need to understand concept of risk to benefit ratio. One of the ethical guidelines explored in this paper is informed consent and the impact on psychological research. Under the APA Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct, sectionRead MoreEthical Codes And Guidelines Are Not Like Basic Recipes1468 Words   |  6 PagesEthics is an ongoing process in counseling in which every counselor should have some sort of knowledge about. Standard ethical codes and guideli nes are not like basic recipes. They are very broad and vague. Ethical codes are often use for what you need to do, but not always how you should do it. Ethics is a word that’s widely used and an integral piece to the helping profession. Ethics is important for all individuals who are working in the helping profession, including mental health, rehabilitation

Traveling Around the Fashion Trends of Women 20th - 21st...

The word fashion trends mean a change of clothing style. The first fashion capital of the world was Paris, France. The ‘Belle Epoque’ was the very first fashion trend. In the early 20th century, women had a conservative figure to concentrate on their body figure. A new style was born in the roaring 20’s, was brought the beginning of modern fashion. The roaring 20’s was known for the flapper skirts, gathered skirts, pleated skirts, higher hemlines, and low-cut necklines. The era of the Great Depression became known for its sophisticated Garbo look, where nylon stockings became trendy. World War II is the start of the pants revolution of women. â€Å"The 1950’s were known for a tailored look and immaculate grooming† (Kichura 1). During this†¦show more content†¦Today, women are influenced to wear braziers, which are now known as bras. During the Great Depression, women needed to enter the work force, where they started to wear business suits and fitted jackets with shoulder pads. This generation, imitated the concepts of the clothing trends of women in the workforce. Today, this kind of garment is a formal attire of women. In 1960, ragged jeans became a clothing trend of women. As a result, this attire inspired both women and men to wear this clothing, so this became a unisexual trend. The boyish figure of the 20th century influenced women to replace corsets to bra, stretch bra, and girdles with suspenders. As a result, fashion designers incorporate these concepts to their designs. During the mid 60s and 70s women began to wear T-shirts with slogans, messages, etc. T-shirts continue to exist today for both women and men. Women in the 20th century also influenced the fashion trends of the 21st century in the sports arena. In the 20th century, women began to become interested and active in sports. In the early 1900s, women wore athletic garments, which made it easier for women to move around, while being acti ve. These sports clothing continues to be used today. 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The impact of outsourcing on HSBC, United Kingdom Free Essays

string(102) " by starting from scratch, it helped to build a relationship from the start with various departments\." INTRODUCTION 1.1 Research Title The impact of outsourcing on HSBC, United Kingdom 1.2 Research Question What is the impact of outsourcing on HSBC bank in the UK? 1. We will write a custom essay sample on The impact of outsourcing on HSBC, United Kingdom or any similar topic only for you Order Now 3 Research Objectives The objectives behind reviewing previous literatures and doing this project are: To discuss the concept of outsourcing To identify and understand the outsourcing strategy of HSBC bank, UK To analyse how outsourcing has impacted on the HSBC bank in the UK 1.4 Background and Definition HSBC Holdings is one of the largest banks across the globe. Pal and Pantaleo (2005) suggest that HSBC Holdings has over 9500 offices scattered in 80 countries. Outsourcing has been defined by many authors. Laabs, C. (1997) as summarised by Embleton Wright. (1998, p. 94) defines outsourcing as â€Å"†¦ having an outside vendor provide a service that you usually perform in-house†. (Gibson. 1996, p. 19) describes outsourcing as â€Å"The transfer of routine and repetitive tasks to an outside source†. Outsourcing arrangements are normally classified into two categories which are IT outsourcing and Business Process Outsourcing (BPO). Examples of IT outsourcing are system analysis, data processing and security management among others. On the other hand, BPO are back office administration, call centres, document processing and management of other selected processes. Offshore outsourcing is a subcategory of outsourcing where banks outsource services to a third party in another country other than the one in which the bank is based. This relates to HSBC as it already has a number of processing centres in India and Malaysia according to Pal and Pantaleo (2005). As discussed by Rohde (2003), it planned to move some business tasks such as data processing and call centre enquiries to India, Malaysia and China by 2006. The next part of the paper draws on the critical literature review which explores the overall concept of outsourcing related to HSBC. It explores different sub sections which are discussed in detailed. 2. LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 History and concept of outsourcing This section provides some historical background of the concept of outsourcing. According to Jacques (2006), outsourcing also known as offshore outsourcing, started in the 1950s. At that time, manufactured products rather than services were mostly outsourced. Jacques further suggests that Nike and Reebok were among the first to subcontract their production of shoes to Taiwanese and Korean suppliers. However, Busi Mclvor (2008) and Lonsdale Cox (2000) argued that it is very difficult or rather impossible to determine the origin of outsourcing. Jacques (2006), Lonsdale Cox (2000), Jiang Quresh (2005) and Foogooa (2008) all agreed that the concept of outsourcing for services emerged in the 1990s. Services such as canteen management and security have however been outsourced since the early 1960s or even earlier. The size and array of activities has drastically increased in the last 15–20 years to add in logistics, IT, finance, accounting and personnel. Many banks and financial institutions have since been moving their payroll, IT systems and customer services offshore. The outsourcing industry is one of the largest industries in the UK. The country is home to practically one fifth of all outsourcing agreements. Goodman Fox (2008) suggested that outsourcing was originally used during the recession period by firms to cut costs and achieve productivity. It is now more often considered as a key part of organisational change programme and also a strategic activity. In the public sector, extensive outsourcing which is more generally known as contracting-out began in the 1980s. It first began in the local government and then continued to central government in the 1990s. The next section will draw on the benefits and drawbacks of outsourcing. 2.2 The reasons behind HSBC outsourcing This section will limit it discussion to the various reasons which forced the bank to outsource some work. As stated by Kripalani (2006), â€Å"HSBC decided to outsource mainly because the need to constantly improve technology was becoming difficult for the bank, drawing attention away from its core financial-services business.† However, Pal Pantaleo (2005) argue that increasing pressure from Citigroup to remain competitive on cost triggered HSBC to outsource. With a revolution in technology, banks should be able to provide fast and efficient technology. While almost all banking transactions are now done online, HSBC had to move to a new technology platform to remain competitive and become more efficient. Hence, the UK based bank had to outsource its IT support and software development in India and Malaysia. Being in the financial services industry, HSBC could not cope with the increasing new technologies adopted by other banks. The other reason behind the decision to outsource was indeed cost saving. Griffiths (2003) cited that HSBC justified its decision to slash jobs from the UK to Asia in an attempt to cut costs. HSBC goes on to say that labour costs in India for example is much cheaper than in UK. The cost to maintain IT and back office work in the UK is quite high. Labour cost is relatively much higher in the UK than in Asian countries and economies of scale make the cost cheaper in those countries. Kripalani (2006) contended that the bank wanted to get the job done as fast as possible even if it means putting more workers on the job. As a result the job is done much quicker as a lower cost.The HSBC bank also looked to India as the country’s reputation for quality software work was becoming increasingly known. Moreover, access to the huge and potential Asian market is made easier by outsourcing in those countries as the bank gets more familiar to the local laws and regulations. 2.3 The outsourcing strategy of HSBC Lee, Miranda and Kim (2004) divide IT outsourcing strategies into three categories which are degree of integration, allocation of control and performance period. According to Kripalani (2006), HSBC learned from its outsourcing experience to develop strategies. The first strategy is to start small. HSBC started out a centre with only 30 people and many mistakes were made in the beginning. The bank therefore learned from those mistakes. Furthermore, by starting from scratch, it helped to build a relationship from the start with various departments. You read "The impact of outsourcing on HSBC, United Kingdom" in category "Essay examples" The second strategy is customer involvement. While trying to upgrade its international financial processing system, HSBC found out that it is crucial that experts get involve rather than making a request on paper only.Thirdly, the use of a hybrid offshoring model is another strategy. Moreover HSBC bank built a sense of community within the organisation to work towards quality work. Finally HSBC made sure that quality is maintained as it is a key factor to successful business. HSBC in-house short-term jobs and outsource long-term work. It can be argued that all those strategies above might not be enough for a successful outsourcing. How about supervision and control? Another strategy pointed out by Farrell (2009) is that HSBC in the UK split its service into two, with ordinary account holders served by Indian call centres and premier account holder by UK call centres. 2.4 The impact of outsourcing on HSBC HSBC has a wholly owned BPO subsidiary in Kolkata which employs 2000 employees working on back-office operations. It also has a software development centre in Pune. According to Mann (2005), HSBC â€Å"revealed a 37% rise in pre-tax profit to ?9.2bn ($17.6bn) for 2004 – largely on the back of the company’s performance outside the UK.† Again quoting Mann (2005) â€Å"expansion for HSBC has not been without its share of problems.† Due to outsourcing to cut down costs, HSBC had to face trade unions who were not happy with the increasing cutting down of jobs in the UK. Farrell (2009) stated that â€Å"HSBC ran into a row over its latest round of job cuts yesterday when the main trade union representing its staff claimed the bank’s announcement of 1,200 redundancies was fewer than half the real number.† Mann (2005) makes the point that concerns were raised in the UK about outsourcing banking services such as call centres in India due to quality standard. Moreover during the Asian crisis HSBC lost quite a lot of money due to outsourcing activities there. As said by King (2010), IT and outsourcing costs increased in 2009 due to progress in the bank’s standardisation plan. Research by Embleton Wright (1998) suggests that outsourcing brings benefits as well as drawbacks. They claim that the main advantage is cost saving. By outsourcing, small companies benefit from economies of scale whereas large companies benefit from the transfer of departments which are not performing well. They go on to suggest that other benefits are time saving to set up the department, hidden costs which are discovered, activities which are outside the company’s core business are taken care by experts, cash injection by selling assets when an activity is outsourced, greater flexibility in allocating human resources, accountability by the suppliers to provide agreed level of service which may not be controlled if activities are in-house, more free staffs in-house to do other important tasks, access to specialist tools, skills and technology, geographical problems may be reduced and finally outsourcing can improve quality due to the expertise of the provider. On the other hand, they also point out that the drawbacks include unsuccessful attempt to reduce costs, the surrender of control, difficulty and cost involve in bringing back a process in-house, morale of existing staffs may be affected due to cut in staffs, costly contracts and lost in quality. 3. CONCLUSION As in the previous sections, outsourcing has emerged from a practice mostly done to cut costs on a temporary basis to a strategy adopted by many companies around the world. HSBC bank in the UK outsources mainly to cut costs and remain competitive in the fast moving technology world. It mostly outsource its IT and back office work such as customer service and data processing. Having outsourced from the beginning, the bank has learned to adopt outsourcing strategies such as starting small, maintaining good relationship and quality.On balance it can be concluded that outsourcing has had a rather effective impact on HSBC by cutting costs but other risks such as increase in outsourcing costs should be managed. The impact on local employees’ morale has to be considered also. Moreover according to BBC News (2006), a worker in the data processing department in Bangalore has been taking money from customers’ accounts by hacking the system. Although the customers’ were reimbursed, it had a huge impact on the security of data held outside the UK. Nasscom, the trade body for the Indian IT and services sector, commented that they are aware that customers prefer to deal with call centres that are based in the UK rather than outside firstly because of the language difficulties and the opportunity to deal with the local branch. REFERENCE LIST Books Barrar, P. Gervais, R. (2006). Global outsourcing strategies: an international reference on effective outsourcing relationships. Hampshire: Gower Plublishing Limited. HSBC. (2007). HSBC’s Guide to Cash and Treasury Management in Asia Pacific 2008. Hong Kong: PPP Company Ltd. Jacques, V. (2006). International outsourcing strategy and competitiveness: Study on Current Outsourcing Trends : IT, Business Processes, Contact Centers†¦ Paris: Publibook. Kondabagil, J. (2007). Risk Management in electronic banking: concepts and bestt practices. Singapore: John Wiley Sons (Asia) Pte Ltd. Pal, N., Pantaleo, D. C. (2005). The agile enterprise: reinventing your organization for success in an on-demand world. New York: Springer Science+Business Media, Inc. Journals/Magazines Busi, M., McIvor, R. (2008). Setting the outsourcing research agenda: the top – 10 most urgent outsourcing areas. Strategic Outsourcing: An International Journal. 1(3) p. 185-197. Embleton, P. R., Wright, P. C. (1998). A practical guide to successful outsourcing. Empowerment in Organization. 6(3) p. 94-106. Foogooa, R. (2008). IS outsourcing – a strategic. Business Process Management Journal. 14(6) p. 858-864. Gibson, V.M. (1996). Outsourcing can save money and efficiency. Benefits Administration. March. p. 19. Goodman, R, Fox, M. (2008). Outsourced and Business Services – A UK Success Story. BSA – The Business Services Association. November p. 6. Lee, J., Miranda, S. M., Kim, Y. (2004). IT Outsourcing Strategies: Universalistic, Contingency, and Configurational Explanations of Success. Information Systems Research. 15(2) p. 110-131. Lonsdale, C., Cox, A. (2000). The historical development of outsourcing: the latest fadIndustrial Management Data Systems. 100(9) p. 444-450. O’Riordan, A., Sweeney, E. (2007). An investigation into outsourcing practice in Ireland: a new direction in logistics and supply chain management. European TransportTrasporti Europei. 35. p. 64-80. Rohde, L. (2003). Bank Gets Earful for Exporting IT Jobs. CIO. 1st December. pp. 24-26. Websites BBC News (2006). Man held in HSBC India scamprobe . [Online]. Available from: http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/5122886.stm [Accessed: 2 May 2011] King, L. (2010). HSBC profits increase, but so do IT and outsourcing costs. [Online]. Available from: http://www.cio.co.uk/news/3234073/hsbc-profits-increase-but-so-do-it-and-outsourcing-costs/ [Accessed: 10 March 2011] Kripalani. (2006). HSBC’s Lessons in Outsourcing . [Online]. Available from: http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/06_05/b3969426.htm [Accessed: 10 March 2011] Mann, H. (2005). HSBC banking on global expansion . [Online]. Available from: http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/4268223.stm [Accessed: 15 March 2011] Farrell, S. (2009). HSBC’s 1,200 job cuts spark row with union. [Online]. Available from: http://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/news/hsbcs-1200-job-cuts-spark-row-with-union-1654297.html [Accessed: 17 March 2011] Griffiths, K. (2003). HSBC to outsource 4,000 UK bank jobs to Asia. [Online]. Available from: http://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/news/hsbc-to-outsource-4000-uk-bank-jobs-to-asia-583652.html [Accessed: 17 March 2011] BIBLIOGRAPHY Books Jacques, V. (2006). International outsourcing strategy and competitiveness: Study on Current Outsourcing Trends : IT, Business Processes, Contact Centers†¦ Paris: Publibook. Pal, N., Pantaleo, D. C. (2005). The agile enterprise: reinventing your organization for success in an on-demand world. New York: Springer Science+Business Media, Inc. Journals/Magazines Busi, M., McIvor, R. (2008). Setting the outsourcing research agenda: the top – 10 most urgent outsourcing areas. Strategic Outsourcing: An International Journal. 1(3) p. 185-197. Embleton, P. R., Wright, P. C. (1998). A practical guide to successful outsourcing. Empowerment in Organization. 6(3) p. 94-106. Foogooa, R. (2008). IS outsourcing – a strategic. Business Process Management Journal. 14(6) p. 858-864. Gibson, V.M. (1996). Outsourcing can save money and efficiency. Benefits Administration. March. p. 19. Goodman, R, Fox, M. (2008). Outsourced and Business Services – A UK Success Story. BSA – The Business Services Association. November p. 6. Lee, J., Miranda, S. M., Kim, Y. (2004). IT Outsourcing Strategies: Universalistic, Contingency, and Configurational Explanations of Success. Information Systems Research. 15(2) p. 110-131. Lonsdale, C., Cox, A. (2000). The historical development of outsourcing: the latest fadIndustrial Management Data Systems. 100(9) p. 444-450. Websites BBC News (2006). Man held in HSBC India scamprobe . [Online]. Available from: http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/5122886.stm [Accessed: 2 May 2011] King, L. (2010). HSBC profits increase, but so do IT and outsourcing costs. [Online]. Available from: http://www.cio.co.uk/news/3234073/hsbc-profits-increase-but-so-do-it-and-outsourcing-costs/ [Accessed: 10 March 2011] Kripalani. (2006). HSBC’s Lessons in Outsourcing . [Online]. Available from: http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/06_05/b3969426.htm [Accessed: 10 March 2011] Mann, H. (2005). HSBC banking on global expansion . [Online]. Available from: http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/4268223.stm [Accessed: 15 March 2011] Farrell, S. (2009). HSBC’s 1,200 job cuts spark row with union. [Online]. Available from: http://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/news/hsbcs-1200-job-cuts-spark-row-with-union-1654297.html [Accessed: 17 March 2011] Griffiths, K. (2003). HSBC to outsource 4,000 UK bank jobs to Asia. [Online]. Available from: http://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/news/hsbc-to-outsource-4000-uk-bank-jobs-to-asia-583652.html [Accessed: 17 March 2011] How to cite The impact of outsourcing on HSBC, United Kingdom, Essay examples

The Teachings of Don Juan Review Essay Example

The Teachings of Don Juan Review Paper Essay on The Teachings of Don Juan Lets face it: if this book is not got it in 1968 and it is in the United States, it would be Carlos Castaneda little-known anthropologist, obsessive polubredovymi ideas about other realities. It is possible that he would be able to collect even a certain small group of his followers, but no more But The Teachings of Don Juan is not just made him famous (and rich), he soon acquired the status of cult writer. We must pay tribute to Castaneda it is this status not only took advantage of it he confirmed, and following his book (note very different from Teachings ) carry much more meaning and proper teaching to be honest, the Teachings of Don Juan can not be adequately perceived in isolation from subsequent creativity Castaneda, as the book itself more closely resembles a manual for Mexican drug. The Teachings of Don Juan is unlikely to flip the consciousness of todays reader, weary abundance of mediumistic inspirations, koi a torrent poured out on us from TV screens and bookshelves. And just remembering that its Castaneda! Can be seen in a drugged delirium spark spiritual insights, and preparation procedures (and use) Psychotropic substances perceived as magical rituals, filled with deep meaning. We will write a custom essay sample on The Teachings of Don Juan Review specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Teachings of Don Juan Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Teachings of Don Juan Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer But it all really? Or maybe all these meanings are conjectures and Teaching does not carry anything mystical and profound? These are questions unanswered. Like so many other questions about the work and life of this extraordinary man certainly PS For your information:. The Teachings of Don Juan is the thesis of Carlos Castaneda for the degree of Master of the University of California Anthropology. And he received this degree.

A Hero of Our Time Essay Example

A Hero of Our Time Essay Example A Hero of Our Time Paper A Hero of Our Time Paper Essay Topic: Literature On the surface A Hero of Our Time is a selection of short fiction stories set against a backdrop of a wild, untamed region; the Caucasus. In this exotic location, Lermontov provides authenticity to the military and cultural peculiarities which existed between the tsarist Russian army officers and the savage ethnic mountaineer tribesmen. Central to each of the stories is the psychological state of its main character, Pechorin and his effect on those he emotionally targets. In a relentless quest for power over everyone he meets in life, Pechorins purpose is to bend to my will everyone and everything near me o arouse in somebody love, devotion and fear what is this but the first sign and the greatest triumph of power? (164-5). Prior to the disclosure of Pechorins personal diaries, Lermontov provides a filtered version of Pechorin by the use of two narrators; an anonymous travelling narrator and Maxim Maxemich. The initial account of Pechorin in Bela is relayed through the eyes of Maxim who is fascinated by Pechorin. Maxim is depicted as the archetypal old Russian captain, a compassionate man who generously describes Pechorin as an excellent fellow, though a bit strange (27). Maxims friendship is rebuked when he meets Pechorin several years later in the story Maxim Maxemich. The narrator recounts that Maxim was going to fall on Pechorins neck [and] Pechorin rather coldly offered him his hand for a moment the captain was brought up short in amazement (86). Although Maxim relays that he spent almost one year in Pechorins company he clearly does not comprehend the complicated facets of Pechorins personality. An irregular chronological sequence also functions to gradually expose Pechorins complex and intricate character to the reader. The chronological order begins with the mystical story of Taman, the name of a coastal town on the Black Sea in which Pechorin is almost murdered. He travels through this town on his way from St. Petersburg to the Caucasus. In a linear sequence Taman would be followed by Princess Mary, Bela, The Fatalist and conclude with Maxim Maxemich. However, there is also another short but significant story, the Introduction to Pechorins Journal in which the reader becomes aware that the novel is relayed in this sequence because this is the order in which the travelling narrator becomes familiar with Pechorin. In this prologue, the narrator assures the reader that Pechorins self-analysis is sincere. At the same time, he questions whether the characters portrayed in Pechorins journals can excuse his behaviour on the assumption that he did not subscribe to the same principles or philosophies in which society is bound society will forgive and accept people if they are understood; we are almost always ready to forgive what we can understand (94). This chapter also discloses that the narrator has not published all of Pechorins diaries and that there is an abundance of information which is omitted; I have included in this book only matter which refers to Pechorins life in the Caucasus. There still remains in my hands a big note-book in which he tells the whole story of his life. I do not dare, for several important reasons, to take the responsibility of publishing it (94). The quote is intentionally ambiguous and allows the reader to deliberate on how Pechorins character may have otherwise evolved once he departed the Caucasus. This statement also presented Lermontov with an option to further develop Pechorins character in later works. On a deeper level this novel provides a sociological and political perspective of Russia in the 1830s; it offers an insight into the distinct ethnic divisions which existed during this period. In the introduction, Lermontov provides a hint of the conflicting philosophies which began to mark impending changes within Russia. He warns the reader that Pechorin is not just a study of a single individual, but a portrait rawn from the fully developed vices of our entire generation (16). The intellectual elite, aside from the dubious distinction of serving in the Russian military, had no meaningful role within Russian life and were in effect, superfluous. Similarly, Pechorin is depicted as an educated, wealthy individual, who has no clear purpose in Russian society this is evident from his self-analysis; my being has been corrupted by the world nothing satisfies me; I get used to suffering just as easily as I do to enjoyment, and my life becomes more empty every day (65). Pechorin illustrates his unceasing pursuit for happiness which only exacerbates his boredom with life; the moment I emerged from my familys tutelage I rushed wildly into every sort of pleasure that money could buy; and naturally I soon tired of such pleasures I quickly got bored with society I got transferred to the Caucasus [but] within a month I was more bothered by mosquitoes than by bullets (63). Essentially, Pechorin is a metaphor for the frustrated, educated quasi-European which seemingly has no purpose in true Russian society. In depicting this character as an example of Russian societys ills, Lermontov notes that the disease has been diagnosed, but how to eradicate it goodness alone knows! (17). Importantly, Lermontov consistently makes the ironic distinction between the stately, noble Russian and the uneducated, savage nationalities which existed in the mountainous Caucasus region. This is particularly apparent in the story of Bela. Lermontov conveys the typical Russians feelings of superiority over the mountaineer tribes when Maxim Maxemich passes judgement on them by commenting that these Asiatics are miserable fellows hey are terrible robbers (21). Maxim further remarks that the Ossetes are a stupid race, they know absolutely nothing and they cant be educated (24). Similarly, in an attempt to win over Belas affections Pechorin shows his disdain for the Chechen race when he arrogantly questions Bela; Youre not in love with one of your own people, are you? (44). Pechorin clearly considers himself the better person. Lermontov also physically differentiates between Pechorin and Kazbich. He describes Pechorin as fair-haired [with] a white, well-bred forehead is moustache and eyebrows were black, a sign of breeding in a man (84-5). By contrast, Kazbich is depicted as having the most ruffianly appearance (31) along with a swarthy face [and a] ragged, dirty appearance (61). However, instead of portraying Kazbich as the savage murderer and Pechorin as the noble hero, Lermontov implies that the two men have in fact treated Bela in an identical manner and that there is no moral difference between them. Kazbich physically kills Bela, but Pechorin has already destroyed her on a moral level socially and culturally. In fact, there is a subtle inference that Kazbich in an ethical way is the more admirable man as he has sought revenge based on his strict cultural sense of right and wrong. On the other hand, Pechorin ruthlessly exploits and destroys Bela when he kidnaps her with no intention of marriage. In complete contrast to Bela, Lermontov departs from the wilderness of the remote Russian fort and into the aristocratic spa region of Piatigorsk, where Pechorin is based whilst on military leave. In short, the story unfolds as Pechorin meets Grushnitzki and prophetically declares; Nor do I care for him; I have a feeling that we shall one day meet on a narrow path, and that it will fare ill with one of us (119). The relationship between Pechorin, Grushnitzki, Vera and Princess Mary become emotionally entangled. Further, Pechorins calculated manoeuvres ensure that he emotionally seduces Mary and makes Grushnitzki look foolish. In the background is Vera, a former lover, now married but again willing to be seduced by Pechorin. The climax of this story is the duel in which Pechorin kills Grushnitzki; when the smoke cleared off, Gurshnitzki was not on the plateau. At the edge of the precipice there was only a slight column of dust to be seen. Everyone screamed simultaneously (221). There are also another two important incidents which occur in Princess Mary and provide the reader with different facets of Pechorins character. The first is in the form of his self-analytical confession to Mary; Everyone read in my face the signs of bad qualities which were not there at the time, though they came into being by suggestion. I was shy and was accused of craftiness; so I became secretive. I had a deep sense of good and evil, but nobody showed me kindness or treated me decently; so I became bitter and spiteful. And then despair was born in me, not of the kind that can be cured only by a bullet, but a cold, feeble despair, which hides itself under kindliness and an amiable smile (168-9). This speech is a turning point in the novel as the reader is persuaded to speculate on and sympathise with Pechorins character, however, rather than a genuine expression of his feelings, it is another tactic to influence control over Mary. This is evidenced by the preface to his dialogue in which Pechorin thought for a minute and then said, [pretending] to be deeply touched (168). Clearly Pechorin is acting out a role and at the end of the dialogue he admits that he did not continue [his] pathetic soliloquy (170). Further, his analysis of Marys reaction to him is that she is dissatisfied with herself and accuses herself of being cold. Tomorrow she will want to reward me. I know it all by heart. Thats why it is so boring (171). The second incident takes place when Pechorin receives a farewell letter from Vera letting him know that their affair was discovered by her husband and she has to leave Piatigorsk immediately; I prayed, cursed, wept, laughed nothing expressed the wild agitation of my despair (225). Pechorin tries to see Vera once more but his exhausted horse falls and Pechorin similarly collapses into the grass. As he lay there he wept bitterly not trying to keep back my tears and the sobs that tore my chest. All my hardness and coolness had vanished like smoke. If anyone had seen me then he would have turned from me in contempt (226). Unlike the earlier passage, this is an honest and unrestrained outpouring of emotion which humanises Pechorin. Furthermore, throughout the novel Lermontov demonstrates yet another facet of Pechorins character by illustrating his enchantment with nature. The descriptions of the panoramic landscapes which form the backdrop to the Caucasus are essential in providing an authenticity to the novel. Nature is depicted in a surreal form and a striking example of this is apparent when Pechorin, on his way to face Grushnitzki in a duel and all his senses stimulated, pronounces; I never remember[ed] a morning that was so blue or fresh. the mingling of the first warmth of [the suns] rays with the cold of the dying night induced in all my senses a delicious languor. At the lightest breath of wind thick bushes that grew in the crevices sprinkled us with silver drops. How eagerly I watched every dew-drop quivering on the broad vine-leaves and reflecting countless rays of rainbow light! (209-10) . For Pechorin, nature is an antidote to the world of civilisation completely removed from St Petersburg society. Lermontovs style ensures that he utilises various graphic devices in his depiction of nature. One of these devices is his generous use of colours including silver and gold to accentuate brilliance and richness. The descriptions of the sublime scenery swiftly situate the reader into a breathtaking setting; On every side there were inaccessible mountains, reddish rocks grown over with green ivy and crowned with rows of plane-trees, yellow precipices scored with ravines and, high, high up, a fringe of snow, golden in the sunset. Below, the Aragva united with a nameless stream, forced its way with a roar from a black, misty gorge, and lay there, a silver thread, with shining, snake-like coils (19). Snakes, clouds and mist are also consistently used to depict movement and an example of this is highlighted at the beginning of the novel; A pale moon was shining in the west, about to go behind some black clouds which hung over the distant peaks, like tattered curtains. the pale glow in the east spread over the purple heavens, lighting up gradually the steep mountain slopes covered with virgin snow. On either side were dark, mysterious chasms into which the mist whirled and writhed like a snake, creeping along crevices of rock, as though it felt and feared the coming of day (49). As a concluding chapter to the novel, A Fatalist is unquestionably appropriate. Although not the chronological conclusion, this chapter nevertheless, plays the role of the novels epilogue and it is not surprising that predestination or fate provides the theme to this story. The opposing forces of free will versus fate preface several incidents in which one of the characters, Vulich tempts fate by attempting to kill himself with a loaded gun, however the gun does not fire and he escapes death only to be murdered later that night by a drunk Cossack soldier. Uncharacteristically Pechorin performs a heroic deed and also tests fate by disarming the murderer at great risk to himself. Although Pechorin is uncertain of his attitude towards fate, he is convinced that fatalism does not subdue a person into pursuing a passive existence, rather it makes ones character even more decisive and courageous as he remarks; After all this, how can I help being a fatalist? And yet, how can a man tell whether he is sincerely convinced or not? We so often mistake for genuine conviction the imposture of our emotions or the blundering of our judgement. I like to have doubts about everything, a propensity which does not preclude determination. On the contrary, so far as I am con cerned, I can always go forward more resolutely when I know what to expect. After all, nothing can happen worse than death, and death cannot be avoided (246). The irony of this story is that although Pechorin is not entirely convinced about fatalism, Maxim, whilst not fully realising its meaning,ostensibly believes in fate. Once Pechorin relays the story of Vulich and explains the significance of the word predestination, Maxim notably exclaims, Yes it was bad luck on the poor fellow. But what devil made him talk to a drunken Cossack at night? Well, obviously, it must have been written at his birth (247).

Author Scams and Publishing Companies to Avoid

Author Scams and Publishing Companies to Avoid Authors Beware: Scams and Publishing Companies to Avoid Becoming a published author is a fantasy shared by almost all writers. And as with almost any widely-shared ambition, there are also folks out there looking to make a quick buck by exploiting those dreams - whether they involve securing a book deal or going the indie publishing route.The publishing world has its fair share of scammers and disreputable companies. At Reedsy, we regularly hear from authors who, despite being well-informed and educated people, have fallen prey to these scammers. In this post, we’ll take a closer look at common writers scams and show you how to identify the publishing companies to avoid on your journey to publication.If you are wondering about the legitimacy of a certain company, leave us a comment below or drop us a line at service@reedsy.com.  We'll get back to you right away. Authors beware! Do you know the most common publishing scams? Vanity Pressesâ€Å"Oh, my! There’s a publisher who wants to release my book!†Not all publishers are created equal. For every Random House, there is some guy in a random house, convincing authors that they hold the key to publishing success. But before you sign on the dotted line, stop for a second and ask yourself and look at what they’re offering. What is a vanity press and why are they bad? Most reputable publishers share the same business model: the publisher acquires the rights to publish and distribute the book by paying the author an advance. The publisher will then cover the costs of editorial, design, and marketing. Once the book is published, the author will receive a royalty of every copy sold (after the author’s total royalties have covered the advance).

Is Trial by Jury an Efficient and Just System Essay

Is Trial by Jury an Efficient and Just System - Essay Example Const., amend. VII). Many states have considered the right to a trial by jury so important that it is written into state constitutions as well (Saks). It is, therefore, not an exaggeration to say that the right to a trial by jury is considered a fundamental right of the American legal and judicial system. A trial by jury has its roots in Great Britain, where juries were used to provide protection against the harsh judgments of those that were in the favor of the King, and therefore handed down relatively harsh judgments for relatively small crimes (Graham, 2009). That system has grown, from Britain, to the United States, where in 2006 an estimated 154,000 jury trials were held nationwide (Mize, Hannaford-Agor & Waters, 2007). However, this does not mean that the system itself is perfect; indeed, if incarcerated criminals were questioned, most would likely say that the judicial system had not done what they hoped it would do. Trials by jury take time to put together, and can be expens ive to everyone involved (VanKoppen, 2009). Trials by jury also have the benefits, however, of fairness and impartiality, the bigger availability of resources, and because juries do not have the same concerns over image or power as a judge does. For these reasons, a trial by jury is an efficient and just system in proving guilt or innocence. One reason that trial by jury is an efficient and just system is that juries are chosen based on their ability to be impartial and fair towards the one who stands accused. This is proven during the jury selection, when both lawyers ask questions and ensure that each person impaneled on the jury can be fair and impartial during the trial (Saks). Potential jurors that have a problem with certain sets of circumstances, such as racism or even possibly voting for the death penalty in capital cases are dismissed (Saks). In this way, fairness towards the accused is ensured. In contrast, a judge must go through no such procedure. The role of a judge was created for the very reason of protecting an accused (Graham, 2009). It is taken for granted that a judge will be impartial; even though the Constitution does not say that a judge must be, it is the right of every American to enjoy such a privilege at trial (Siegel, 2010). However, this is not always the way that the judicial system works. Corruption is not unknown, and judges have, in the past, been bought or bribed to render decisions. Consider Operation Greylord, a Federal probe that exposed widespread corruption in the Cook County, Illinois court system in 1983 (Bogira, 2005). Judges had been found to be extorting money from prosecution and defense lawyers, as well as taking money directly in exchange for certain verdicts (Bogira, 2005). Had a jury trial been the route taken, instead of the judge being able to be bribed, twelve people would have had to be bribed or replaced. While it is true that jury tampering can certainly occur, it stands to reason that it is much harder to tamper with and convince twelve people to vote a certain way, as opposed to one judge. Juries, whether they are made up of six

Is judicial review consistent with democratic ideals Term Paper

Is judicial review consistent with democratic ideals - Term Paper Example For Marx and Engels, there is no supernatural being, only matter exists and as such, humans are alienated from material conditions. In this case, alienation is only eliminated when true freedom is achieved The first premise of this theory therefore, is the existence of living human individuals who then engage in economic activities for their subsistence and in the process develop relations that form the basis of legal and political superstructures. However, to achieve freedom societies go through conflicts or class struggles whereby the ruling class is overthrown and new order established. So according to the Communist manifesto by Marx and Engels â€Å"the history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggles.†1This struggle or historical process ends when man achieves true freedom through a socialist state or communism. The theory is well expounded in the Preface to A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy written in 1859 by Marx. While this t heory has gained a lot of prominence over the years, it has been under scrutiny for decades owing to the failure of communism in the Twentieth Century such as in the Soviet Union and emergence of states that do not conform to Marx’s theory such as in China. The insistence on the role of economic forces in shaping history has also been disputed by sociologists over the years. Despite all these criticisms, it is apparent that historical materialism can withstand the test of time and continues to be relevant even today. This paper will discuss the primary features of the theory as an account of historical development and change. It will also evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of the theory in explaining historical development. To do this, I will utilize the works of Marx and Engels such as the German ideology, communist manifesto, a contribution to the critique of political economy and theory of surplus value. To understand the theory of historical materialism, it is essentia l to understand the theory upon which it is based and that is the dialectics by Geog Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel. Hegel was a German philosopher interested more on ideas as opposed to the reality thus the use of dialectical methods. This dialectical method is the foundation of Marxism. According to Hegel, there exists a supernatural being beyond the reach of human beings. Humans are separated from this supernatural or Absolute and can thus only perceive the world through economic and material lenses and reality is turned upside down by perceptions.2 According to Hegel, humans can only be reunited with the Absolute through a historical process and once they are reunited, it is the end of history. This progressive movement towards the Absolute is aided by the dialectical process which according to Shimp involves increasing awareness thus gradually replacing man’s perception of reality with newer and truer forms.3 For dialectical process to work there must be contradictions which he refers as thesis and antithesis. The thesis is higher in rank than the antithesis but in the process of competition, the antithesis overthrows the thesis and a new thesis or synthesis is achieved. The thesis and antithesis are not opposites in the real manner but are oppositions such as a master and servant and wherever there is a thesis, there must be an antithesis. As such, when a new thesis is established, a new antithesis emerges to compete with the thesis and the process

Substrate On Rate Respiration In Saccharomyces Cerevisiae

Substrate On Rate Respiration In Saccharomyces Cerevisiae The aim of this investigation is to examine what effects different substrates have on the respiration of yeast. I will investigate this by measuring the amount of carbon dioxide evolved during anaerobic respiration. The volume of CO2 gas will be collected using a gas syringe. BACKGROUND INFORMATION YEAST Saccharomyces cerevisiae, also known as yeast, is a micro organism that uses saprophytic digestion to break down substrates. This is achieved through releasing specific enzymes to break down specific substrates, but if yeast does not contain a certain types of enzyme then it cannot break down its substrate. The more the enzyme of a particular substrate, the faster the rate of breakdown and therefore the more CO2 is produced. This will help me to test how much CO2 each substrate produces. Yeast can also respire aerobically and anerobically depending on the availability of O2. If there is plentiful of O2 then yeast would respire aerobically with sugars, producing H2O and CO2 as waste products. However, if no oxygen is available then the fermentation would occur which converts sugars into CO2 and ethanol. RESPIRATION Respiration is the process by which energy is released energy from glucose in the presence of Oxygen, forming carbon dioxide and water as waste products. Glucose releases energy in a series of reactions that take place inside components of the cell. The stages are briefly explained below: GLYCOLYSIS To get the sugar in a more reactive form it is produced to fructose-1,6-bisphosphate by the addition 2 phosphate molecules. This process is a phosphorylation reaction. The fructose-1,6-bisphosphate is then broken down into 2 molecules of glyceraldehydes-3-phosphate, which comprises of 3C each. The glyceraldehydes-3-phosphate converted into pyruvate via the oxidation process where each GAL3P molecule releases 2 hydrogen ions and 2 electrons. The electrons are then transferred to NAD to produce NADH (reduced NAD) and the energy is used to produce 4ATP from 4ADP and 4Pi. Finally there is a net yield of 2 molecules of ATP, and 2 molecules of pyruvate which is used in the link reaction and 2 molecules of reduced NAD which carries on to the link reaction. LINK REACTION In the link reaction the 2 molecules of pyruvate leave the cytoplasm of the cell and enter the mitochondrial matrix. This is an oxidation reaction where 2 NAD molecules oxidise 2 pyruvate molecules into 2 acid molecules. These 2 molecules of acetic acid then go on to combine with 2 coenzyme-A molecules to form Acetyl Co enzyme A. in the end of this stage 2 molecules of reduced NAD form, 2 molecules of CO2 is lost and most importantly, Acetyl Co enzyme A is formed through the conversion of pyruvate. This is then used in the next stage of respiration. KREBS CYCLE At the start Acetyl Coenzyme A , combines with Citrate Synthase an enzyme as well and a 4 carbon molecule called oxaloacetate, forming Citrate. Then, Citrate goes through the process of oxidative decarboxylation which forms a 5 carbon molecule called oxoglutarate.at this point NADH is produced and CO2 is removed. In the latter stages of the krebs cycle, the oxoglutarate is changed into a 4 carbon oxaloacetate molecule. NADH is made and 1 molecule ATP is also made. The volume of CO2 that is produced in the krebs cycle is important as this is the dependant variable. ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN In this stage all of the NADH and FADH that has been produced in the previous stages is converted into ATP. This takes place in the cristae of the mitochondria. The NADH and FADH electrons move. When the electrons pass from one carrier to another, a series of reduction and oxidation reactions take place which releases energy in the process. This energy is used to pump H+ ions from the matrix into the intermembrane space, thus creating a gradient where the concentration of the H+ ions in the intermembranal space is higher than it s in the matrix. The inner membrane contains enzymes called ATP Synthase and The H+ ions diffuse through these enzymes causing energy to be released which is used to synthesise ATP through phosphorylation. The process is called because the final terminal electron acceptor is oxygen which picks up the electrons from the chain and the H+ ion from the matrix to form H20 as a waste product. This reaction is catalysed by the enzyme Cytochrome Oxidase For every NADH which enters the chain and is oxidised by NADH dehydrogenase, 3 ATP are produced. For each FADH that enters the chain, 2 molecules of ATP are made. ENZYMES Enzymes are proteins that can effectively increase the rate of a reaction by lowering the required energy (activation energy) needed in order for the reaction to occur. Enzymes have a tertiary structure which decides the shape of the active site. The substrate must be specific to the active site because if they were not complementary to each other, then the substrate can no longer bind to the active site, thus the enzyme substrate complex does not form. The performance of enzymes can be affected in several ways some of which I have explained below. TEMPERATURE An increase in temperature will cause an increase in the rate of reaction because both the enzyme particles and substrate particles have gained kinetic energy. This will result in the particles to move faster, thus increasing collision frequency and the numbers of successful collisions as the particles have the required activation energy. If the temperature rises above the optimum temperature then the enzymes can become denatured. This happens because the enzyme molecule vibrates more causing the weak hydrogen bonds (holding the 3D structure of the enzyme together) to break. This eventually leads to the shape of the active site being altered. Consequently, the substrate will not be able to bind with the substrate as the shape of the active site is no longer complementary so the substrate enzyme complex can not form. This is important in my experiment because if the yeast (enzyme) was to become denatured then it would not be able to bind with the substrate (e.g. glucose) and the react ion would not be catalysed, preventing any CO2 from being formed. I must ensure that temperature is kept constant throughout. PH Another factor which can affect enzymes is pH. Enzymes also have an optimum pH which is pH enzymes work best at. Changing the pH can change the tertiary structure due to the number of H+ ion in an acid or the OH- ions in an alkali. These ions disrupt the hydrogen and ionic bonds between -NH2 and -COOH. This will cause the tertiary structure to break down and changing the active site in the process. Once again, the substrate will no longer be able to bind with the active site, hence no substrate enzyme complex will form. I intend to use a buffer solution which will resist any changes in pH. SUBSTRATE CONCENTRATION Increasing substrate concentration increases enzyme activity as they are more molecules to occupy the active site, thus a faster reaction. If more enzyme substrate complex forms then more CO2 will be produced. However this is occurs only for a certain period until all the active sites are saturated with substrates. Therefore an increase in substrate concentration will not result in a increase in the rate of reaction. PLANNING THE DEPENDANT AND INDEPENDENT VARIABLE The dependant variable will be the volume of C02 produced during respiration and the independent variable will be the substrates that I decide to use in the experiment. These are Glucose, Fructose, Maltose, Lactose and Sucrose. NULL HYPOTHESIS The substrates will have no effect on the volume of CO2 produced during the respiration of yeast. HYPOTHESIS As the substrates are changed, the volume of CO2 formed during the respiration of yeast will also change PREDICTION I predict that of all my substrates, maltose will produce the greatest volume of CO2 when added to yeast in a fixed amount of time. Referring to my background knowledge, I know that glucose and fructose monosaccharides which can be directly absorbed by the yeast as no enzymes are required to break them down. This will allow for glycolysis to take place quicker. However I think that glucose will produce CO2 quicker than fructose because glucose is the main food source/ respiratory substrate for yeast, thus there will more glucose carrier proteins present in yeast. If more carriers are present then will enable absorption to occur quicker, hence respiration will happen quicker. So I believe glucose will produce more CO2 than fructose within a given time period. However in terms of volume of C02, I believe maltose will exceed both of these monosaccharides. Maltose is a disaccharide that consists of two glucose molecules held together by a glycosidic bond. Once this bond is broken down by maltase, there will be twice as many glucose molecules available in the same volume of other substrates such as glucose. More sugars can then be provided for respiration, hence more CO2 produced in 45 minutes. One point that must be taken into to account is that maltose cant be used directly, so it could take time before the glucose can be used. In addition, as glucose is a polar molecule it must be transported via facilitated diffusion. This could be a limiting factor if all the carriers become occupied, which would slow down the respiration process as a result. After fructose, I predict sucrose will be the 4th substrate to produce the most CO2. Sucrose is also a disaccharide which consists of a glucose and fructose molecule. This substrate also requires enzymes to break it down and this could be a time consuming process as there is a limited amount of time. Furthermore, there arent as many fructose carrier proteins present in yeast cell membrane compared to glucose. Finally I predict lactose will produce the least amount of CO2 purely because yeast doesnt contain the enzyme lactase to digest lactose. This means that its monomers galactose and glucose cannot be used in respiration, thus no CO2 will be produced as a by-product. APPARATUS The following apparatus will be used when conducting the experiment: Clamp and stand Gas syringe accurate to 0.5cm ³/mol Water bath heated to 400C Dry Yeast Thermometer Boiling tubes Safety goggles Universal indicator Distilled water Buffer solution (slightly acidic) Substrates Electronic weighing balance (2 d.p) Stop watch Rubber bung and rubber tube Pipette (15cm3) funnel Measuring cylinders ( 250cm3) Stirring rod Conical Flask Beakers ( 250cm3, 20cm3) METHOD OF INVESTIGATION Steps Accuracy Reason for method 1. Clean all the apparatus used to contain sugars or yeast using distilled water. Set up water bath at a temperature of 40 °C. N/A Cleaning with distilled water ensures that all the equipment to be used in the experiment is clean and is free from impurities that could possibly interfere with CO2 collection.The water bath will be set to 400C because this is the temperature that I have decided to use in my experiments. 2. Fill up a 1 litre beaker precisely up to the 1litre mark with distilled water. Then add a buffer tablet into the beaker and stir thoroughly with a stirring rod Make sure the distilled water has been filled up exactly to the 1L mark. This is the step on how to produce a buffer solution. A buffer solution is required as it dissolves the yeast and substrate together. Allowing collision of the yeast and the substrate is vital otherwise a reaction would not occur 3. Weigh 30g of dry yeast using an electronic balance and transfer it into a beaker. The scale will be accurate to 2 d.p. to allow consistency. If a solution contains more yeast, then more collisions may be involved between the enzymes and substrate, hence a greater rate of respiration, and more CO2 being produced than there should be. 30g of yeast will provide a stock solution for all 15 experiments, thus each experiment will use 2g of yeast. Excess yeast cells in the solution, will cause a large volume of CO2 production as more respiration will occur so 2g is a suitable amount. Keeping a constant concentration of yeast will ensure that my test is fair because an increase in yeast concentration will increase the amount of cells respiring therefore the volume of CO2 will increase 4. Place 250cm3 of buffer solution into a 300cm3 beaker containing dry yeast. Stir thoroughly Ensure that the volume is read from the bottom of the meniscus level. The volume must be read at eye level I have decided to use a bulk buffer solution because it keeps the concentration of yeast constant. Errors are more likely to occur if I had to weigh 2g of yeast and 15cm3 of buffer solution before each experiment. I have also taken into account of any spillages that may occur so I have ensured that I have prepared more than the required amount. 5. Accurately weigh the amount of substrate needed using the electronic balance and place into a 20cm3 beaker. Then, using a pipette, collect 15cm3 of buffer solution into a measuring cylinder and add it to the substrate beaker. The solution should be stirred and the beaker should then be placed in the water bath. Before using the balance confirm that it has been adjusted to 0. The measuring cylinder will be accurate to 0.1cm3. Again, ensure that the reading is taken from the bottom of the meniscus and at eye level. I must weigh the correct amount of substrate so that the concentration remains constant throughout the experiment (1M) 6. I will Prepare the conical flasks and attach the rubber tubing (connected to the rubber bung) to the gas syringe. I will carefully measure 15cm3 of yeast solution with the aid of a pipette and transfer it into a conical flask. This will then be stirred thoroughly and placed back into the water bath. Pipette is accurate to 0.5cm3. The yeast has to be measured very accurately otherwise this would affect my results. For example if too much yeast is added, then there would be increase in amount of enzymes available and so there would be increase in successful collisions resulting in a faster rate of reaction with more CO2 being produced per unit time. The solution has to be agitated to ensure that the yeast molecules are evenly spread and do not settle to the bottom of the boiling tube so that the chances of collisions increases. The water bath will maintain the temperature of the yeast solution. This will prevent the enzymes from being affected by a change in temperature. 7. Use a thermometer to measure the temperature of both the water bath and yeast solution to ensure they are both 400C. As soon as the substrate is poured into the conical flask containing the yeast, immediately attach the bung onto the flask. This should be followed by timing using the stop watch. The stop watch is accurate to 0.01seconds. I have considered the difficulty faced when applying the rubber bung and starting the stop watch. I must make sure that I start the stop watch as soon as the bung is placed in postion and I intend to keep this the same for my other experiments. A rubber bung and the rubber tube will be attached instantly as respiration can occur immediately. The CO2 produced will be collected in the gas syringe. It is important that does not escape. if this did happen then a smaller volume of CO2 would be collected by the syringe, thus the results obtained would not be precise.The stop clock will need to be started immediately to ensure all the experiments go on for exactly the same amount of time, if one experiment was to go on for longer more CO2 would be produced and thus I would get anomalies in my results. To avoid this, the clock needs to be started as soon as the experiment begins. 8. Take readings after 5 minutes of the co2 collected into the gas syringe with the aid of a stop watch. This step should be repeated until the 45th minute for each experiment. The temperature of the solution must also be taken, which should remain constant at 400C. The readings must be taken straight after each interval. For example, I would take the reading just before the 5th minute interval. The Stop watch is accurate to 0.01seconds. The purpose of this step is to observe how much CO2 each substrate produces as time passes. 9. Using a universal indicator I will measure the PH after testing each substrate. The PH should constant throughout but if not, then it should still be recorded. The beakers, conical flask and measuring cylinders should be rinsed with distilled water after each experiment NA It is important to control PH as it could affect the amount of CO2. I will talk about this in greater detail in controlled variables. Rinsing removes any residue that may have been left over in the equipment CONTROLLED VARIABLES Controlled Variable How I will control it Why I will control it Temperature This variable will be controlled using a water bath which will be set to 40 °C throughout the experiment. The temperature must be controlled because the temperature will affect the rate of respiration of the yeast. If the temperature is changed, for example, too high then this may denature the enzymes used by yeast to digest substrates. pH The purpose of a buffer solution is to resist any changes in pH, therefore I will control the pH by add the yeast and substrate to a buffer solution. When CO2 is released, it would dissociate, forming hydrogen ions and hydrogen carbonate. These will cause the pH to decrease and become more acidic. A decrease in pH would affect enzyme activity as this disrupts the charges (H+ and OH-) on the enzymes. This will result in changes in the ionic and hydrogen bonds holding the enzyme together. The enzyme would denature, thus the substrate will no longer fit and so an enzyme-substrate complex will not form. Concentration of yeast used I will prepare stock solution of yeast (30g) containing 250cm3 of buffer solution. This variable can be controlled by simply keeping the amount of yeast (15cm3) used constant throughout the experiments. A stock solution will automatically eliminate any changes to the concentration of yeast since I will be taking the same amount of yeast from the same solution so it will always remain the same. Maintaining the concentration ensures that the same surface area is exposed by the yeast over which enzymes are released for extra cellular digestion to take place. Concentration of the substrate 15cm3 of a 1M substrate solution will be used constantly. If more substrate is added then more C02 would be produced. This is because there is more substrate available for the yeast to digest for respiration, hence producing larger volumes of C02 than it should. If this variable is not controlled then it I would not be able to determine if an increase in CO2 is due to the type of substrate increase in concentration. Timing I will time the experiment using a stop watch in all of my experiments. I will constantly time the experiment for a total of 45 minutes, ensuring that the reading is taken immediately after each 5 minute interval. I have to control this factor because if the yeast is left in the substrate for a longer time period for one experiment then this will allow more respiration to occur. The yeast will digest the substrate to produce more CO2 so therefore all solutions must be left to respire for exactly the same amount of time in order to obtain reliable results. Culture of yeast Use the same brand of yeast in all experiments. Different types of yeast may cause different results as the number of carrier proteins may vary for a particular substrate. Using the same yeast will ensure that the size of the yeast in each experiment remains the same. CALCULATING SUBSTRATE CONCENTRATION In order to keep the substrate concentration the same I will have to calculate the mass of each of my substrates. Firstly, I will use the following equation: Moles = Molarity x Volume 1000 The substrate concentration I will be using will be 0.5M and the volume will be 25cm3. In order to determine the mass from the number of moles I shall then use: Mass = Moles x Mr CALCULATIONS FOR GLUCOSE AND FRUCTOSE 1000 0.5 X 25 = 0.0125mol Fructose and Glucose has the same Mr of 180 0.0125 X 180 = 2.25g I need add 2.25 of each substrate into 25cm3 of buffer solution. I will produce a stock solution which will help maintain the concentration of the substrates throughout. I will be carrying out 2 experiments for Glucose or Fructose so I will need 4.5g of each (2 X 2.25 = 4.5g). CALCULATION FOR MALTOSE, SUCROSE AND LACTOSE 10000.5 X 25 = 0.0125mol Maltose, Sucrose and Lactose have the same Mr of 342 Maltose, Sucrose and Lactose are isomers consisting of two monosaccharides linked together by a glycosidic bond. I have taken into account that when a condensation recaction occurs to form this disaccharide then a water molecule is removed so I must substract the Mr of a water molecule from the Mr of the disaccharide. 360-18= 342 0.0125 X 342 = 4.28g So I will add 4.28g of Maltose, Sucrose and Lactose with 25cm3 of buffer solution. I will also produce a stock solution which will allow me to carry out the required amount of experiments. Therefore, I need to measure 8.56g (2 X 4.28g = 8.56g) of each substrate which will then be dissolved into buffer solution. CONTROLLED EXPERIMENTS I have decided to carry out 6 controlled experiments for each of the 5 substrate in conjunction with the normal experiments. I will conduct these experiments in order to demonstrate and prove that the process of respiration cannot occur without the presence of the respiratory substrate as well as the yeast. The first experiment will involving a boiling tube containing only the 25cm3 of yeast solution. After placing the boiling tube in the water bath (400C), I will then record how much CO2 is produced. This would be conducted in the same way as my method where I would take readings after every 5 minutes until the 45th minute has been reached. The other 5 control experiments will only consist of the substrates. I will measure 15cm3 of each substrate into separate boiling tubes. These will also be placed in a water bath and the volume of CO2 produced will be recorded at every 5 minute intervals for 45 minutes. No CO2 being produced will confirm that the yeast cannot produce CO2 with the presence of a substrate and a substrate cannot respire on its own. DATA ANALYSIS Below is an exemplar table which will be used to analyse the results produced in the experiment This table will help me to calculate the average of the CO2 produced in each of the experiments after every 5 minutes. I will produce line graphs using the averages of CO2, which will enable me to compare the averages of the different substrates. From this, I can determine if digestion for polysaccharides and disaccharides effects how much CO2 is produced. This is how I will present the average of CO2 production for each substrate: Graph showing the volume of CO2 produced against the time taken Average CO2 Production (cm3) Time (mins) A t- test is a statistical test that takes a look the amount of data, if there is a difference between the means of two sets of data and also the spread of the data. A t-test is relevant as I will be using a large sample of results which will consist of results from other members in m class and including mine. The formula for the t-test is: I have decided to construct a histogram for each substrate as this will allow me to compare my data easily after plotting frequency against experiments. A histogram will show if there any significant overlap between two substrates. Consequently, this can help me to make a decision of whether or not a t-test must be carried out. The below histogram would require a t-test: Glucose Maltose MODIFICATIONS I will use an inverted burette for measuring the volume of CO2 produced instead of a gas syringe. When carrying out my preliminary experiments I found that the gas syringe didnt move smoothly, therefore i was unable to accurately read how much CO2 was being produced. Therefore I will use an inverted burette which has an inaccuracy of 0.1cm3 Unfortunately, no buffer solution is available to control the pH of solution. In order to confirm that the pH hasnt changed, I will measure the pH at the start and end of each experiment. This will achieved using a universal indicator. I have changed the point at which I will take the reading. Initially I chose to take a reading jus before swirling the flask but I have now realised that this is incorrect. It would be wrong to do it this way because I want all the CO2 to escape from the flask before each reading is taken. So I will now take reading after swirling the conical flask.

A Halloween Night Essay

The town next to ours was a little mining town called Cheshire. Despite it being a productive and rich mining town, it was well known for the Legend of the Witches Circle. It was said that twelve witches used to live here. At the struck of midnight, they would fly around the town, creating nuisance and scaring off anyone in their path. After many deaths, people fled the town, fearing falling victim to the evil witches. Mining was halted and the town was abandoned. No one has returned to Cheshire ever since. The mood of Halloween was in the air. It was the end of October and large pumpkins were being put out for sale at the farms. Everyone in Saintsbury was getting ready for Halloween. Statues of goblins and evil witches could be seen everywhere. It was finally here, Halloween night. The streetlights were not working. Instead, the faint glows of candlelight lined the street. I was a bit old to go trick or treating; I had better plans with my friend. Jack, a good friend of mine had planned for us to pay a little visit to Cheshire, to prove to ourselves right that the legend of the witches were just a myth. I met up with him downtown and we got what we needed, and set out on the dark winding path through the forest leading into Cheshire. The noise began to slowly fade away. The forest was strangely quiet that night. I could hear myself breathing heavily. We walked arm in arm, guided by the dim light from the small torch. It was a true Halloween night. The full moon was shining through the bare branches casting eerie shadows on our path as we walked. A cool breeze was blowing sending leaves dancing messily across the forest floor. I remember thinking to myself that this night was truly the kind that you imagine when you listen to a scary tale. Holding tightly to the person next to you, just like I was holding Jack as we walked that evening. The path we walked on would take us past the cemetery and end at the crest above Devil’s Den, where it is believed the witches used to slay their victims every night. We chose this path because of it being the night it was. We were feeling young and out for an adventure. An adventure that led us into the heart of the townà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½s legendary witches’ circle. As we walked past the cemetery a group of mischievous boys came jumping out from behind some tombstones and trees. My heart was in my throat and I felt Jack give a startled jump. â€Å"Oi, what the hell do you think youà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½re doing!† shouted Jack. They ran away laughing, off to find their next victim. My I was still looking terrified and when Jack turned to see if I was all right, he started laughing too. Then jokingly, I sent him stumbling backwards over a log into a big pile of leaves from a nearby oak tree. I ran and found a good spot to hide, to do some scaring of my own. I had settled in behind a rock above Devil’s Den and feeling pleased with myself, waited for the sound of crunching leaves. I listened carefully, but what broke the silence was not the sound I expected. From below, in Devil’s Den, I heard chanting. I slowly turned around to see who or what it was that was chanting. Suddenly, from behind, an arm grabbed me. I opened my mouth to scream, but it was quickly covered by a second hand. As I struggled to get loose I wondered what had happened to Jack and if I was going to die tonight. Reality set in when I heard Jack’s voice whispering my name. When I finally settled down, he whispered for me to be quiet before he released his hand from over my mouth. As he released his hold, my eyes drifted down to the strange sight below. † Oh my God!!!† I said. In the valley below, surrounding a large stone altar, stood twelve figures. They were dressed in black gowns with hoods that hung over their faces, giving them an eerie appearance. As they stood encircling the altar their soft chanting could be heard. Soon my body was covered with goose bumps as their voices softly filled the night air. From the cover of the night we knelt watching in silence. Then there was silence as a man leading a goat appeared out of the darkness. They tied the goat to the altar while a new figure entered the light. In his hand was a large dagger that he carried to the top of the altar then knelt and chanted softly. Slowly he rose, raising the dagger high into the air, then with a loud cry he lowered the blade into the screaming goats chest. With ease he sliced open the goat while it cried and squirmed. Then, as if it was an orange he began to peel its skin from the body. When he had finished he held the head and skin high into the air as if he was praying to his god. He called for power as he placed the goat’s head in place. The skin was still wet with blood and it clung to his back. Blood covered his face as it ran from the goat’s head before falling to the ground. Then he turned and spoke to the darkness. A young woman entered into the light and in her arms she carried a small child. There was no expression on her face as she placed the child upon the altar before turning and walking back into the darkness. The child laid cradled in the carcass of the goat as the leader fell to his knees at the side of the altar. The other twelve, still encircling the altar, continued the chanting. Their cries became louder and louder. Suddenly there was silence as the leader stood. He raised the dagger into the air, a cold dark expression on his face as he again prayed to his god. Just as he was ready to plunge the blade into the child, a scream pierced the night. Their eyes searched the darkness for the intruder and soon all eyes were on me. The eyes of the Death Leader locked into mine. Then all went black. I woke up with the sensation of heat against my skin. I looked around and saw twelve black figures standing around me. My hands were tied back to a pole and around me was a big ring of fire. Barely opening my eyes, because of the intense heat, I looked for Jack. I could not find him. Then I saw it. On the altar, lay the body of a young man. I tried to stand on my toe to see is he was all right. I felt sick. His body was covered with blood. A deep cut ran straight down his chest. I turned away, not being able to bear what I just saw. I looked up to the figure sitting next to the altar. It was terrifying. It was the most hideous face I had ever seen. It had a pale yellow skin and had holes for eyes. He stared at me coldly and stood up before reaching for the dagger, soaking in blood, from the altar. I got terrified and struggled to free myself, to no avail. I let out a scream, as he raised the dagger into the air, his cold eyes staring into mine. I held my eyes shut, waiting for it. Then all went silent. I opened my eyes, much to my relief. Everything was gone, my hands were untied. The rays of sun, arising amidst the clouds, broke the darkness. The altar and fire was gone too.